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A new paper by North Carolina State University archaeologist Dr. Scott Fitzpatrick shows that Ferdinand Magellan’s historic circumnavigation of the globe was likely influenced in large part by unusual weather conditions – including what we now know as El Niño – which eased his passage across the Pacific Ocean, but ultimately led him over a thousand miles from his intended destination.

Magellan set out from Spain in 1519 with hopes of claiming the wealth of the Spice Islands, or Moluccas, for the Spanish. Two years later the explorer claimed the first European contact with a Pacific island culture when he landed on Guam – 1,500 miles north of the Spice Islands. How did he make it that far? And how did he miss the Spice Islands by that much?

The paper, co-authored by Fitzpatrick and University of Calgary researcher Dr. Richard Callaghan, uses computer modeling and historical data to determine the role oceanographic conditions may have played in Magellan’s smooth voyage after rounding the notorious Cape Horn at the southernmost tip of South America and in his decision to sail far north of the Spice Islands – which Magellan knew lay along the equator.

The paper, “Magellan’s Crossing of the Pacific: Using Computer Simulations to Examine Oceanographic Effects on One of the World’s Greatest Voyages,” was highlighted in the “Random Samples” section of the May 16 issue of Science, and will be published in the Journal of Pacific History in August.

The paper concludes that unusually benign weather conditions, likely associated with an El Niño event, allowed Magellan to sail north and may have persuaded him to continue in that direction to avoid starvation – making Magellan’s voyage not only the first to circumnavigate the globe, but apparently the earliest historical record of an El Niño event.

Specifically, the paper finds that Magellan likely sailed around Cape Horn and directly into the tail end of an El Niño event, resulting in much smoother sailing than would normally have been the case and allowing him to easily sail to the north along the coast of Chile. Fitzpatrick and Callaghan also hypothesize that, after leaving the Chilean coast, Magellan may have chosen to continue on his northerly route in order to take advantage of prevailing winds and currents that had them moving at a good speed and allowed him to rest his sailors, who were by then suffering from scurvy and other maladies.

Magellan claimed that he sailed far to the north of the Spice Islands due to concerns that the islands had no food, and Fitzpatrick and Callaghan found some evidence to support this hypothesis. Their paper notes that the Pacific region appears to have been experiencing an El Niño event in 1519 and 1520 – during the bulk of Magellan’s voyage – and that an El Niño is often associated with drought and accompanying famines in the area.

Fitzpatrick is an assistant professor of anthropology in NC State’s Department of Sociology and Anthropology, and is founder and co-editor of the Journal of Island & Coastal Archaeology.

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A North Carolina State University researcher has discovered the youngest known supernova in our galaxy. Estimated at a mere 140 years old, this celestial whippersnapper is at least 200 years younger than the next oldest known supernova, and its discovery may pave the way to a greater understanding of exploding stars.

Dr. Stephen Reynolds, an astrophysicist at NC State, led a team of researchers who suspected that a celestial object known as G1.9+0.3 was a very young supernova remnant. They examined images of the object that were taken in 2007 by NASA’s Chandra X-Ray Observatory and compared these images to those taken of the same object in 1985 by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory’s Very Large Array radio telescope.

Not only did the Chandra images confirm Reynolds’ suspicions that the object was a young supernova remnant, but the scientists discovered that the supernova had increased in size by 16 percent in just 22 years, suggesting that the initial explosion had occurred only 140 years ago – or less if the rate of explosion had been slowing.

The results will appear in the June 10 edition of Astrophysical Journal Letters.

Supernovae are exploding stars, and act as the “engines” that drive the life cycles of galaxies. A supernova explosion disperses heavy metals, cosmic rays, and high-energy particles throughout the galaxy, aiding in the formation of new stars. In fact, a supernova explosion may have helped prod our own solar system into existence.

The brightness of supernovae can easily be obscured from optical telescopes by large amounts of interstellar gas and dust, rendering them all but invisible to astronomers. X-ray and radio telescopes, however, can detect the radio waves and high energy X-rays that supernovae emit, enabling us to “see” even highly obscured explosions.
Reynolds says that the G1.9+0.3 supernova has the largest obscuration of any known galactic supernova object.

“If not for all the interstellar ‘gunk’ between us and this object, people would have seen this supernova as a new star in the constellation Sagittarius in the years around 1870 to 1900,” Reynolds adds.

“Normally, we deal with older remnants and have to work very hard to see even tiny changes.  This supernova is getting brighter, which means it’s still on its way up – studying it will go a long way toward filling in gaps in our knowledge of these events and their effect on galaxies.”

Note to editors: An abstract of the paper follows.

“The Youngest Galactic Supernova Remnant G1.9+0.3″
Authors:  Stephen Reynolds, Kazimierz Borkowski, North Carolina State University, et al.
Published: June 10, 2008 in Astrophysical Journal Letters

Abstract:
Our 50 ks Chandra observation of the small radio supernova remnant (SNR) G1.9+0.3 shows a complete shell structure with strong bilateral symmetry, about 10000 in diameter. The radio morphology is also shell-like, but only about 8400 in diameter, based on observations made in 1985. We attribute the size difference to expansion between 1985 and our Chandra observations of 2007. Expansion is confirmed in comparing radio images from 985 and 2008. We deduce that G1.9+0.3 is of order 100 years old . the youngest supernova remnant in the Galaxy. Based on a very high absorbing column density of 5:5£1022 cm-2, we place G1.9+0.3 near the Galactic Center, at a distance of about 8.5 kpc, where the mean remnant radius would be about 2 pc, and the required expansion speed about 14;000 km s-1. The X-ray spectrum is featureless and well-described by the exponentially cut off synchrotron model srcut. With the radio flux at 1 GHz fixed at 0.9 Jy, we find a spectral ndex of 0:65 and a rolloff frequency of 1:4£1018 Hz. The implied characteristic rolloff electron energy of about 94(B=10 ¹G)-1=2 TeV is the highest ever reported for a shell supernova remnant. It can easily be reached by standard diffusive shock acceleration, given the very high shock velocities; it can be well described by either age-limited or synchrotron-loss-limited acceleration. Not only is G1.9+0.3 the youngest known Galactic remnant, it is also only the fourth Galactic X-ray synchrotron-dominated shell supernova remnant.

Rising food prices are leading to unrest around the world, as well as putting additional stress on household budgets across the United States. Why is it becoming more costly to put food on the table? The reasons range from higher fuel and fertilizer costs to an increased demand for ethanol, but there are many other factors at play as well – and how these factors have led to an increase in prices and global demand is a complicated issue. North Carolina State University experts can help explain why everything from a milkshake to a salad has gotten more expensive, as well as what we can expect in the future and what can be done about it.

Dr. Michael L. Walden, William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 919/515-4671 or michael_walden@ncsu.edu, is an expert on consumer economics, economic outlook and public policy. Walden can provide an overview of the causes of inflation in food prices, as well as compare the current situation to historic prices and provide insight into potential policy questions and solutions.

Dr. Edmund A. Estes, associate head of NC State’s Agricultural and Resource Economics Department, 919/515-2607 or ed_estes@ncsu.edu, can address the broad issues at play in the economics of agricultural products, as well as the host of issues that have led to higher prices for fruits and vegetables – including energy and transport costs, increased demand and changes in the exchange rate for the dollar.

Dr. Geoffrey A. Benson, associate professor of agricultural and resource economics, 919/515-5184 or geoff_benson@ncsu.edu, is an authority on the economics of the dairy and beef industries. He can explain exactly why we are seeing a sharp increase in the cost of milk and beef, as well as what the future may hold for these staples of the American cupboard.

Dr. Roderick M. Rejesus, assistant professor of agricultural and resource economics, 919/513-4605 or rod_rejesus@ncsu.edu, can answer questions about the economics of rice at home and abroad. Rice is a staple food for much of the world, and Rejesus can explain that – while production has not decreased sharply – the increasing cost and higher demand for rice is causing a crisis because many people can no longer afford it.

Dr. Roger von Haefen, assistant professor of agricultural and resource economics, 919/515-8946 or roger_von_haefen@ncsu.edu, is an environmental economics specialist who can address how increased demand for biofuels has impacted food prices.

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The arm of the federal government responsible for coordinating nanotechnology research and regulations across the country has called on experts from North Carolina State University to craft a white paper that will lay out how government and industry officials should communicate potential risks associated with nanotechnology to the media and the public. NC State communication expert Dr. David Berube has been negotiating this project for nearly 18 months.

NC State’s Dr. Brenton Faber, who is also associated with the project, says the goal of the white paper is to advise the government on how it can “accurately communicate the risks and opportunities presented by nanotechnology.” Faber explains that “people want to know if nanotechnology is something they should worry about, and it is important for the government to be able to explain any potential risks to the public in a manner that they can understand – because what is the point of developing these technologies if people don’t trust them?”

Berube notes that the white paper could also be used for years to come to inform how the government, industry and researchers convey information about the risks of any new technologies. “The last time a white paper on risk communication was done was in 1989,” Berube says, adding “there is little doubt this could craft the direction of risk communication for some time. This is quite an honor and a challenge.”

The paper is due July 31 and will be followed up with a one-day workshop in Washington, D.C. This workshop and others planned will feature the report’s authors, who will advise government officials on some of the better ways to communicate accurately with the media and the public.

The National Nanotechnology Coordinating Office (NNCO) coordinates activities relating to the National Nanotechnology Initiative. Dr. Vivian Ota Wang, the communication director of the NNCO, who also serves on the National Science and Technology Council of the Executive Office of the President, selected Berube to author the white paper. Drs. Faber from NC State and Dietram Scheufele from the University of Wisconsin, as members of NC State’s new Public Communication of Science and Technology project, agreed to assist.

Funding for the white paper will support one graduate student and one doctoral student, who will work on the project at NC State this summer.

Nanotechnology is generally defined as technology that uses substances having a size of 100 nanometers or less (thousands of times thinner than a human hair), and is expected to have widespread uses in medicine, consumer products and industrial processes.

Faber is a professor of English at NC State. His research focuses on communications related to science and technology.

Berube is the author of Nanohype: Beyond the Nanotechnology Buzz, a contributing author to the anthology Nanotechnology & Society: Current and Emerging Ethical Issues and teaches graduate courses in risk communication and rhetoric in science and technology at NC State.

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North Carolina State University’s May 1 report that responds to UNC Tomorrow – the charge from the University of North Carolina system that its 17 institutions become even more responsive to the needs of North Carolinians – highlights NC State’s comprehensive nature and presents initiatives that will allow it to continue to provide future solutions and leadership to the state.

The report includes more than 30 initiatives and is available on NC State’s UNC Tomorrow Web site, which can be accessed at www.ncsu.edu/unctomorrow/.

UNC Tomorrow asks for specific responses to seven challenges faced in 21st century North Carolina: student global readiness; access to higher education; improving public education; community and economic transformation; health; environment and energy; and outreach and engagement.

To respond, NC State administrators and faculty accessed the university’s five strategic plan focus areas.

“The strategic plan and five focus areas – producing leaders, creating educational innovation, improving health and well being, fueling economic development, and driving innovation in energy and the environment – really mesh well with the goals of UNC Tomorrow,” Provost Larry Nielsen says. “Through our land-grant mission and our outreach to every North Carolina county, we’re uniquely positioned to lead the UNC system in responding to the state’s 21st century needs.

“In essence, our UNC Tomorrow response is the next phase in the implementation of our strategic plan,” Nielsen adds. “It is the institution’s marching orders for the next decade.”

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Dr. Richard Spontak, professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering and materials science and engineering at North Carolina State University, has been honored with an Award for Excellence in Teaching from the University of North Carolina (UNC) Board of Governors.

Dr. Richard Spontak

Spontak is one of 17 educators – one from each UNC system campus – who will be presented with Awards for Excellence in Teaching by UNC system President Erskine Bowles and Board of Governors Chairman Jim Phillips Jr. during a luncheon today (May 9) being held in conjunction with the board’s May meeting. Winners will receive a prize of $7,500 and a bronze medallion.

The Board of Governors Awards for Excellence in Teaching were created in 1994 to underscore the importance of teaching and to encourage, recognize, and reward outstanding teaching. Nominees for the award must be tenured professors who have spent at least seven years at the nominating institutions and who have “demonstrated excellent or exceptional teaching ability over a sustained period of time.”

Since joining the NC State engineering faculty 15 years ago, Spontak has integrated teaching and research with equal passion and rigor. He has encouraged his students to engage with the real problems and challenges facing the world, and his students have become well known for participating in science-based competitions and projects. Twenty-six of his undergraduate students have been listed as co-authors on peer-reviewed journal publications. He also has advised more than 100 students, including six Park Scholars.

Spontak earned his undergraduate degree in chemical engineering from Penn State University and his doctoral degree in chemical engineering from the University of California-Berkeley.

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Dr. Marc I. Hoit has been named vice chancellor for information technology at North Carolina State University, a new position established to develop and execute a progressive information technology strategy for the university. As NC State’s chief information officer, Hoit will report to Chancellor James L. Oblinger, who announced the selection today.

Hoit will direct the work of more than 300 professional and support staff and oversee a budget in excess of $40 million. He will have overall responsibility for research, academic, and administrative IT activities, which historically have been collaborative but organizationally separate at NC State.

Hoit will partner with both the vice chancellor for finance and business and the provost to ensure NC State’s continued technological leadership as a flagship institution of the University of North Carolina system; as a primary economic engine for the state; and as a national and international leader in instruction, research, extension, engagement and economic development.

“I look forward to working with my new colleagues at NC State and facilitating the use of technology throughout the fabric of the university,” Hoit said. “Flexible, powerful and innovative technology support and services provide researchers, staff and students an environment that encourages collaboration and fosters innovation and discovery. The future of education, research and economic development runs through our information systems.”

Hoit comes to NC State from the University of Florida, where he held a number of academic positions over 24 years, serving as a tenured professor of civil engineering, associate dean in the College of Engineering and most recently interim associate provost and chief information officer for the university. In this last position, he was responsible for centralized information technology operations, including computer and network services, academic technologies, high performance computing, Web administration, identity management services, and information policy.

Hoit earned a bachelor of science in interdisciplinary engineering from Purdue University, and both a master’s and Ph.D. in structural engineering from the University of California, Berkeley.

He has conducted extensive research in the application of information technology to civil engineering. His research led to the development of the Bridge Software Institute, a research institute established in 2000 to maintain and enhance the University of Florida’s bridge analysis software programs used by engineers worldwide. One those programs, FB-Multiplier, has been selected by the Federal Highway Administration for use on federally funded highway bridge designs.

Hoit has been the principal investigator on research contracts and grants totaling more than $6.2 million since 1989. He has served on four National Science Foundation proposal review panels and is a member of several professional organizations, including the American Society of Civil Engineering, the American Society of Engineering Education and the American Institute of Steel Construction. He is the author of Computer Assisted Structural Analysis and Modeling, and has contributed articles and reviews to numerous scientific journals.

Hoit received a Distinguished Faculty Award from the University of Florida in 2000 and the President’s Award from the Structural Engineering Institute in 2008.

The 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing are drawing the eyes of the world to China. That focus is not limited to athletic contests, but includes questions related to the environment, human rights, business and international affairs. North Carolina State University faculty can provide insight and expertise on the cultural, business and environmental challenges being highlighted by this summer’s Olympic Games – as well as on the games themselves.

Dr. Viney P. Aneja, professor of air quality and environmental technology, 919/515-7808 or viney_aneja@ncsu.edu, is an expert on air quality and environmental policy issues who can address some of the environmental concerns associated with holding the Olympics in Beijing.

“Clearly the Chinese are very sensitive to this issue,” Aneja says, “and my sense is that China will have the air quality under control in time for the games. However, it is less clear if China will have met its air quality goals by the time athletes begin arriving to acclimate to the area – which will likely be one month prior to the games.”

Dr. Lian Xie, professor of marine, earth and atmospheric sciences, 919/515-1435 or lian_xie@ncsu.edu, is a meteorologist who is developing a model to be used by Olympic organizers to predict the winds for the Olympic sailing event in Qingdao this summer. Xie says the model will help officials determine when the race should begin, or whether to hold the race on a particular day based on the wind forecast.

Dr. J. Oliver Williams, professor of political science, 919/247-4797 or jowillia@social.chass.ncsu.edu, is an expert on Sino-U.S. relations, Chinese politics, human rights and how economic change is driving democratic development in China. He was a Fulbright Research Scholar in China in 2006 and also led a United Nations team that year that worked to improve dialogue between U.N. human rights officials and the Chinese government. He traveled in Tibet in 2007, talking with Buddhist monks and young people about current affairs in that region.

Dr. Michael Schramme, associate professor of equine surgery, michael_schramme@ncsu.edu, is an expert on equine sports medicine, in particular of orthopedic diseases and surgery. He can discuss any orthopedic aspects of the equestrian events as they relate to the equine athlete, and will be on hand as a surgical member of the team of treating veterinarians of the FEI (Federation Internationale Equestre) during the games. During the games, he can be reached at the Olympic Veterinary Clinic in Hong Kong (The Hong Kong Jockey Club Equine Hospital, Sha Tin Racecourse, Hong Kong Phone: +852 2966 6891).

Dr. Thomas Ort, assistant professor of history, 919/513-1423 or thomas_ort@ncsu.edu, is a scholar of modern European history who can address the state of international affairs at the turn of the 20th century that saw the creation of the modern Olympic games in 1896.

Dr. Robert Handfield, Bank of America Distinguished University Professor of Business Management, 919/515-4674 or robert_handfield@ncsu.edu, says that companies that currently outsource labor to China may be wrestling with whether human rights and environmental concerns should prompt a move to relocate components of their business operations. Handfield is an expert on supply chain management.

International attention on human rights and environmental issues related to the Olympics “could impact some consumer goods manufacturers, which are struggling to maintain a sustainable and ethical supply chain in China,” Handfield says. Companies do not have absolute control over all of their suppliers and subcontractors, Handfield says, and “if unappealing practices are exposed, it could really hurt companies in the marketplace.” He adds, “While the potential risks to their image are not currently preventing businesses from doing business in China, given the uncertainties that exist, some companies are now considering whether they should source more of their work domestically.”

Dr. Greg Young, faculty fellow of the Enterprise Risk Management Initiative and associate professor of business ethics and strategy, 919/515-6951 or greg_young@ncsu.edu, is an expert on how businesses build valuable reputations, manage their exposure to moral risks, and “do well by doing good.”

Young says that businesses with ties to the upcoming Olympics in Beijing are likely examining how best to proceed. “If you’re making the business decisions, how do you show your support for human rights, your respect for your host country, your good citizenship in your home country, your need for open markets, your concern for the safety of your employees, and your accountability to your shareholders – all at the same time?” He adds, “A company’s reputation has real value, but it is put to the sternest test during an event like this one. Businesses will pass the test with flying colors – and make their employees, owners and others proud – if they publicly live up to the values in their codes of conduct and ethics management programs.”

Dr. Neil Schmid, assistant professor of religious studies, 919/515-6460 or dnschmid@ncsu.edu, is an authority on Chinese language, religion and culture. He conducts research on the history of Buddhism in China and on the Silk Road.

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North Carolina State University will confer more than 4,000 degrees on graduating students during its spring commencement exercises, beginning at 9 a.m. Saturday, May 10, in the RBC Center in Raleigh. Media coverage is welcomed.

Erskine Bowles, president of the University of North Carolina system, will deliver the commencement address.

Chancellor James Oblinger will confer 4,030 degrees – 88 associate’s, 2,857 bachelor’s, 883 master’s, 125 doctoral and 77 doctor of veterinary medicine degrees – on 3,768 students during the ceremony. One hundred and fifteen valedictorians will be recognized for earning perfect 4.0 grade point averages during their academic careers at NC State.

Oblinger will also confer honorary degrees on Pat Mora, an award-winning author of poetry, nonfiction and children’s literature; Richard Robb, a noted business professional who has provided important service to numerous corporate and non-profit boards, including NC State’s Board of Trustees; and C.D. Spangler, an accomplished businessman and former president of the University of North Carolina system.

NC State officials do not expect major traffic congestion, but advise attendees to be in their seats by 8:15 a.m. NC State’s Amalgam Brass Ensemble will begin playing at 8:30 a.m., and graduates will march onto the arena floor at 9 a.m. More commencement information is available online at www.ncsu.edu/registrar/graduation/index.html.

Note to editors: Media seating will be provided near the front of the stage on the left-hand side. NC State News Services personnel will be available to assist reporters.

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The North Carolina State University Board of Trustees will award the Alexander Quarles Holladay Medal for Excellence to three faculty members in recognition of their outstanding careers at NC State. The Holladay Medal is the highest honor bestowed on a faculty member by the trustees and the university.

This year’s honorees are Drs. Raymond E. Fornes, professor of physics and associate dean for research in the College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nino A. Masnari, Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering; and Troy Nagle, professor of biomedical engineering and electrical and computer engineering.

The medals will be presented during the university’s Honors Baccalaureate and Celebration of Academic Excellence, scheduled for 7:30 p.m. on Thursday, May 8, in the McKimmon Center.

The Holladay Medal is named for Col. Alexander Quarles Holladay, the university’s first president. It recognizes the contributions of faculty members in teaching, research and service. Winners receive a medal and a framed certificate, and their names are inscribed on a plaque in the NC State Faculty Senate chambers.

Dr. Raymond E. Fornes

Dr. Raymond E. Fornes has served NC State for 38 years as a faculty member and administrator. Under his leadership as associate dean for research in the College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, research funding increased fourfold to nearly $30 million annually. Fornes serves as the NC State counselor to the Oak Ridge Association of Universities and as the university liaison to Oak Ridge National Laboratories. He initiated the first Undergraduate Research Symposium at NC State. His research and administrative interests have led to off-campus assignments at the American Enka Research Laboratories, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratories/California Institute of Technology, the Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable of the National Academy of Sciences/National Academy of Engineering/Institute of Medicine, and the policy division of the National Research Council. His primary research interest in polymer physics with emphasis on structure and properties of polymers and the influence of environmental factors on polymeric systems has led to more than 120 publications and one edited volume and nearly $8 million in research funding. His awards include the Fiber Society’s Distinguished Achievement in Fiber Science Award. He has supervised 24 Ph.D. students.

Dr. Nino A. Masnari

Dr. Nino A. Masnari has served NC State for more than 28 years as faculty member, department head, research center director, and dean of the College of Engineering. Highlights of Masnari’s 10-year term as dean of the College of Engineering include substantial growth in undergraduate and graduate enrollments – especially enrollments of minority and female students; a fourfold increase in scholarship funding; a tripling in the number of National Science Foundation CAREER awards by engineering faculty; a tripling in college research funding; a doubling of the college’s endowment; and the implementation of a plan for the transfer of the College of Engineering to the Centennial Campus. During his term as head of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the department’s undergraduate enrollment doubled and its graduate enrollment tripled. In 2007 he received the Award of Merit from the NC State Alumni Association. A fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Masnari’s research interests in semiconductor devices and circuits, electronic materials processing, fabrication technology, ion implantation, microwave solid-state devices and circuits, bipolar magnetic transistors, microwave tubes, electron beams, and plasma physics led to 47 journal articles and more than $60 million in research funding. He has supervised 14 doctoral and 28 master’s degree students.

Dr. Troy Nagle

Dr. Troy Nagle has dedicated 23 years of teaching, research and service to NC State. As founding chair of the joint NC State-UNC Chapel Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, he led the development of the first joint department in the UNC system. During his term of office, the department has achieved an accredited undergraduate biomedical engineering program at NC State and 80 graduate students at NC State and UNC-CH in the department’s joint graduate program. Prior to his work with the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nagle was an early leader in the development of the NC State computer engineering curricular program. His research expertise in medical devices and microsensors, digital signal processing, design for testability, and digital control systems has led to more than 60 refereed journal articles, a number of co-authored books, edited volumes, and book chapters, 11 issued and pending patents, more than $4 million in research and instructional funding, and formation of two medical device start-up companies. He is a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), serving as president in 1994 and currently as editor-in-chief of its new IEEE Sensors Journal. He is also a fellow of the American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering and a registered professional engineer. He has received the NASA New Technology Award and the IEEE Richard M. Emberson Award for technical contributions to the institute. He has directed eight doctoral and 23 master’s degree students.

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