Archaeological Study Shows Human Activity May Have Boosted Shellfish Size

In a counter-intuitive finding, new research from North Carolina State University shows that a species of shellfish widely consumed in the Pacific over the past 3,000 years has actually increased in size, despite – and possibly because of – increased human activity in the area.

“What we’ve found indicates that human activity does not necessarily mean that there is going to be a negative impact on a species – even a species that people relied on as a major food source,” says Dr. Scott Fitzpatrick, associate professor of sociology and anthropology at NC State and co-author of the study. “The trends we see in the archaeological record in regard to animal remains are not always what one would expect.”

At issue is the humped conch, Strombus gibberulus, a small mollusk that has been a food source in the Pacific islands for thousands of years. The researchers dated and measured more than 1,400 humped conch shells found at an archaeological site on the island of Palau in the western Pacific. They expected the size of the conchs to decrease over time, based on the conventional wisdom that an expanding human population would result in the conchs being harvested before they could achieve their maximum size.

Instead, the researchers were surprised to find that the average size of the conchs actually increased in conjunction with a growing human population. Specifically, the length of the average conch increased by approximately 1.5 millimeters (mm) over the past 3,000 years. That may not sound like much, but it is significant when you consider the conchs are only around 30 mm long – which means the conchs are now almost 5 percent larger than they used to be.

Fitzpatrick believes the size increase is likely related to an increase in nutrients in the conch’s waters, stemming from increased agriculture and other human activities.

“In the big picture,” Fitzpatrick says, “this study tells us to focus on the physical evidence and beware of conventional wisdom. It also tells us that using a large number of samples is important. Previous studies had shown a decline in conch size at Pacific archaeological sites – but they used smaller sample sizes. Maybe that is a factor in their findings.”

The study was co-authored by Fitzpatrick, Christina Giovas of the University of Washington, and two NC State undergraduates, Meagan Clark and Mira Abed. A paper describing the study, “Evidence for size increase in an exploited mollusk: humped conch (Strombus gibberulus) at Chelechol ra Orrak, Palau from ca. 3000-0 BP,” will be published in a forthcoming issue of the Journal of Archaeological Science. The samples used in the study were collected as part of a National Science Foundation-funded research initiative.

NC State’s Department of Sociology and Anthropology is a joint department under the university’s College of Humanities and Social Sciences and College of Agriculture and Life Sciences.

-shipman-

Note to editors: The study abstract follows.

“Evidence for size increase in an exploited mollusk: humped conch (Strombus gibberulus) at Chelechol ra Orrak, Palau from ca. 3000-0 BP”

Authors: Christina M. Giovas, University of Washington; Scott M. Fitzpatrick, Meagan Clark, Mira Abed, North Carolina State University

Published: Forthcoming, Journal of Archaeological Science

Abstract: Past research has suggested that the humped conch (Strombus gibberulus), a species common in many prehistoric archaeological sites in the Pacific, declines in size and/or abundance over time. Explanations for this phenomenon largely revolve around the possibility that they were overharvested by human populations. In this study, we measured the length and width of over 1400 individual specimens of S. gibberulus shells recovered from the site of Chelechol ra Orrak in Palau, western Micronesia, in deposits dating from ca. 3000 BP to the present. Statistical analysis indicates that in contrast to previous reports, there is a significant size increase for this taxon through time which may be the result of a combination of anthropogenic and environmental factors. We discuss variables influencing mollusc size and suggest that, given the complexities of their interactions and the data limitations of archaeomalacological assemblages, unambiguous determination of the cause(s) of molluscan size change may not always be possible.