Irrigation, Water Management Play Key Roles in Smoothing Drought Impacts
For Immediate Release
A new study examining more than 100 years of agricultural production and weather data in the United States suggests stored water plays an important role in providing resilience to drought. The findings also suggest water management strategies, which differ across the U.S., play a key role in how different areas of the country respond to weather anomalies.
“We wanted to understand how agriculture responds to climate shocks,” said Eric Edwards, assistant professor in the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics at North Carolina State University and a co-author of a paper describing the study. “The way that agriculture has adapted to climate shocks is generally through irrigation, but to what extent does having access to stored water matter?”
Access to stored water drives irrigation, whether that water is located in an underground aquifer or a dammed river. In addition to a dam and reservoir, surface water irrigation requires a network of canals and ditches. Conversely, farmers overlying an aquifer can just pump groundwater directly.
In the western U.S., irrigation makes agriculture possible in the mostly arid conditions. Water rights rules institutionally determine the order in which farmers get water and when they get it. In the eastern U.S., more precipitation and humidity have generally made farmers think of irrigation as superfluous, and water rights have not been codified. But that seems to be changing as the climate changes.
The study showed that – since around 1950 – access to stored water in more arid regions of the western United States helped farmers avoid losses of about 13% in crop yields during periods of drought. The 1950s stand as a watershed period for increased water in the western U.S., after the development of the Hoover Dam in 1936, and aquifer drilling and rural electrification in the 1940s, Edwards said.
“Our study showed that in the eastern U.S. since 1950, yields of corn and soybeans decreased during drought periods whether farmers had access to water or not,” Edwards said. “Meanwhile, in the arid western U.S., if you have access to water storage during drought periods, you don’t see any losses.” This may be because farmers in the eastern U.S. have not necessarily invested in irrigation systems to access stored water.
“During drought periods, farmers ask themselves two important questions: Do I bring more land into cultivation? And should I intensify the amount of water I put on my land to increase yields relative to what I would have otherwise?” Edwards said. “Physical attributes and the institutional ways water is managed both influence the choices that farmers make.”
The study showed that farmers who have access to groundwater and surface water tend to bring more land into cultivation. Farmers who have access to groundwater but not surface water also tend to bring more land into cultivation.
“Surface water rights are linked to specific land in the western U.S., and farmers generally already take the maximum amount of water each year based on their water rights, so there’s no expansion of area irrigated by surface water during drought,” Edwards said.
Edwards said that the paper has a number of implications on water policy. “Pumping more groundwater or grabbing more surface water in times of drought are really effective to combat drought, but could be problematic if you want to conserve more of the resource,” he said.
“Irrigation is a really effective mitigation strategy during drought. It smooths production across all states of drought. But because groundwater extraction controls are limited, we worry that depletion may reduce the ability of this important buffer to deal with climate shocks.”
For surface water, Edwards sees a different policy implication.
“Is there a way to make surface water a bit more adaptable for reacting to drought, particularly in places where water use is tied to certain parcels of land? Is there a way to start thinking about putting aside some water or storing some water rather than using 100% every year?”
Edwards adds that there are also policy implications for North Carolina and other areas in the eastern U.S.
“North Carolina is projected to have 10 to 15% longer dry spells in future years due to a changing climate,” he said. “Irrigation offers one way to deal with that. But to provide for the sustainable management of depletable natural resources, the state should consider developing water rights and groundwater governance frameworks.”
The paper appears in Environmental Research Letters. Steven M. Smith at the Colorado School of Mines is the paper’s corresponding author. Support for the work was provided by the National Science Foundation (INFEWS Grant #67020-30130) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (NIFA-AFRI #67023-29421, NIFA-Hatch #1017720 and NIFA-Multistate 1020662).
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Note to editors: The abstract of the paper follows.
“Water Storage and Agricultural Resilience to Drought: Historical Evidence of the Capacity and Institutional Limits in the United States”
Authors: Eric C. Edwards, North Carolina State University; Steven M. Smith, Colorado School of Mines
Published: Nov. 2, 2021 in Environmental Research Letters
DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ac358a
Abstract: Food systems are particularly sensitive to changing precipitation patterns associated with climate change. Clearly crop yields benefit from irrigation and it has long been an adaptation for arid regions, but less is known about the capacity for irrigation to offset precipitation shocks. Resilience will depend on baseline conditions, water source, and institutional constraints which have not been studied via an integrated analysis. We draw on over 100 years of agricultural production and weather data across the United States to identify the extent to which access to stored water affects drought resiliency across these dimensions. During drought years, arid regions with access to stored water via groundwater aquifers or surface reservoirs avoided the 13 percent losses in crop value experienced in irrigated areas with more limited storage. We also document the more recent uptake and impact of irrigation in the humid regions of the U.S. However, these benefits are limited by water availability and institutional constraints, highlighting water management as a key area of concern in climate adaptation. The limited nature of institutions governing groundwater withdrawals in many areas allow resiliency in the near-term, but potentially at the expense of future water availability. Conversely, surface water rights allow for the widespread application of irrigation water, but with less resiliency during significant periods of drought.
