‘Sensing Skin’ Detects Cracks, Harmful Chemicals in Structures

Researchers have developed a multi-layered “sensing skin” to detect corrosive or otherwise harmful substances in structures. The skin can also detect cracks and other structural flaws that are invisible to the naked eye.

“We’ve created a skin that can be applied to the surface of almost any structure and be used to monitor the structure’s integrity remotely and in real time, identifying potential problems long before they become catastrophic,” says Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, an assistant professor of civil, construction and environmental engineering at North Carolina State University and co-author of a paper describing the work.

The sensing skin consists of three layers, which can be painted onto the surface of a structure or pre-assembled and attached to the surface like wallpaper.

The first layer is electrically conductive and is used solely to detect cracks. The second layer serves as a buffer between the first and third layers. The third layer detects cracks, but is also engineered to detect specific chemicals of interest.

This third layer incorporates metal nanoparticles whose conductivity changes in the presence of specific ions. By changing the composition of the metal nanoparticles, this layer can be engineered to respond to any particular chemical.

If users want to monitor for chemicals coming out of a structure – such as leakage of the chemicals out of a containment structure – the third layer would face inward, touching the structure’s surface. To monitor external chemicals, the third layer would face outward.

Here’s how the sensing skin works. Electrodes are applied around the perimeter of a structure. The sensing skin is then applied to the structure, over the electrodes. A computer program then runs a small current between two of the electrodes at a time, cycling through a number of possible electrode combinations.

When the current runs between two electrodes, a computer monitors and records the electrical potential at all of the electrodes on the structure for both the first and third layers of the sensing skin. This data is then used to calculate the sensing skin’s spatially distributed electrical conductivity on both layers. The researchers have developed a suite of algorithms that can use changes in conductivity measured by the first and third layers of the skin to detect and locate both damage and the presence of target chemicals.

In a proof-of-concept study, the researchers applied their sensing skin to reinforced concrete. The researchers exposed the concrete to corrosive elements and subjected the concrete to strain in order to simulate the failure of real-world structures. For this study, the third layer of the sensing skin was engineered to detect chlorides, which can cause corrosion in reinforced concrete.

“The skin performed really well,” Pour-Ghaz says. “We were able to detect cracks as small as a few hundred micrometers; and we could very accurately detect any instances in which chlorides came into contact with the skin.

“We want people to be able to detect problems very early on,” Pour-Ghaz says. “And while this proof-of-concept looked at concrete, the technology – if properly applied – could be used on structural materials from metals to polymers.”

The researchers are in the process of conducting experiments of the sensing skin on a large-scale structure, more accurately reflecting the size of real-world structures.

The paper, “A Functionally Layered Sensing Skin for Detection of Corrosive Elements and Cracking,” is published online in the journal Structural Health Monitoring. Lead author of the paper is Aku Seppänen, of the University of Eastern Finland. The paper was co-authored by Milad Hallaji, a former Ph.D. student at NC State. The work was done with support from the Academy of Finland and the Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering at NC State.

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Note to Editors: The study abstract follows.

“A Functionally Layered Sensing Skin for Detection of Corrosive Elements and Cracking”

Authors: Aku Seppänen, University of Eastern Finland; Milad Hallaji and Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, North Carolina State University

Published: Oct. 6, Structural Health Monitoring

DOI: 10.1177/1475921716670574

Abstract: In this paper, we propose an electrical impedance tomography (EIT) -based multi-functional surface sensing system, or sensing skin, for structural health monitoring. More specifically, the EIT-based sensing skin is developed for detecting and localizing the ingress of chlorides and cracking – two phenomena which are of concern in many structures, including reinforced concrete structures. The multi-functional sensing skin is made of two layers; one layer is sensitive to both chlorides and cracking, and another layer is sensitive to cracking only. In the experiments, the sensing skin is tested on a polymeric and concrete substrate. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the multi-functional multi-layer sensing skin for detecting and localizing corrosive elements and cracking, and for distinguishing between them.