Thin Layers of Water Hold Promise for the Energy Storage of the Future

Researchers at North Carolina State University have found that a material which incorporates atomically thin layers of water is able to store and deliver energy much more quickly than the same material that doesn’t include the water layers. The finding raises some interesting questions about the behavior of liquids when confined at this scale and holds promise for shaping future energy-storage technologies.

“This is a proof of concept, but the idea of using water or other solvents to ‘tune’ the transport of ions in a layered material is very exciting,” says Veronica Augustyn, an assistant professor of materials science and engineering at NC State and corresponding author of a paper describing the work. “The fundamental idea is that this could allow an increased amount of energy to be stored per unit of volume, faster diffusion of ions through the material, and faster charge transfer.

“Again, this is only a first step, but this line of investigation could ultimately lead to things like thinner batteries, faster storage for renewable-based power grids, or faster acceleration in electric vehicles,” Augustyn says.

“The goal for many energy-storage researchers is to create technologies that have the high energy density of batteries and the high power of capacitors,” says James Mitchell, a Ph.D. student at NC State and lead author of the paper. “Pseudocapacitors like the one we discuss in the paper may allow us to develop technologies that bridge that gap.”

For this work, the researchers compared two materials: a crystalline tungsten oxide and a layered, crystalline tungsten oxide hydrate – which consists of crystalline tungsten oxide layers separated by atomically thin layers of water.

When charging the two materials for 10 minutes, the researchers found that the regular tungsten oxide stored more energy than the hydrate. But when the charging period was only 12 seconds, the hydrate stored more energy than the regular material. One thing that’s intriguing, the researchers say, is that the hydrate stored energy more efficiently – wasting less energy as heat.

“Incorporating these solvent layers could be a new strategy for high-powered energy-storage devices that make use of layered materials,” Augustyn says. “We think the water layer acts as a pathway that facilitates the transfer of ions through the material.

“We are now moving forward with National Science Foundation-funded work on how to fine-tune this so-called ‘interlayer,’ which will hopefully advance our understanding of these materials and get us closer to next-generation energy-storage devices.”

The paper, “Transition from Battery to Pseudocapacitor Behavior via Structural Water in Tungsten Oxide,” is published in the journal Chemistry of Materials. The paper was co-authored by William Lo, a Ph.D. student at NC State; Arda Genc of Thermo Fisher Scientific; and James LeBeau, an associate professor of materials science and engineering at NC State.

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Note to Editors: The study abstract follows.

“Transition from Battery to Pseudocapacitor Behavior via Structural Water in Tungsten Oxide”

Authors: James B. Mitchell, William C. Lo, James LeBeau and Veronica Augustyn, North Carolina State University; Arda Genc, Thermo Fisher Scientific

Published: April 19, Chemistry of Materials

DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b05485

Abstract: The kinetics of energy storage in transition metal oxides are usually limited by solid-state diffusion, and the strategy most often utilized to improve their rate capability is to reduce ion diffusion distances by utilizing nanostructured materials. Here, another strategy is proposed for improving the kinetics of layered transition metal oxides by the presence of structural water. To investigate this strategy, the electrochemical energy storage behavior of a model hydrated layered oxide, WO₃∙2H₂O, is compared with anhydrous WO₃ in an acidic electrolyte. It is found that the presence of structural water leads to a transition from battery-like behavior in the anhydrous WO₃ to ideally pseudocapacitive behavior in WO₃∙2H₂O. As a result, WO₃∙2H₂O exhibits significantly improved capacity retention and energy efficiency for proton storage over WO₃ at sweep rates as fast as 200 mV s^-1, corresponding to charge/discharge times of just a few seconds. Importantly, the energy storage of WO₃∙2H₂O at such rates is nearly 100% efficient, unlike in the case of anhydrous WO₃. Pseudocapacitance in WO₃∙2H₂O allows for high mass loading electrodes (> 3 mg cm^-2) and high areal capacitances (> 0.25 F cm^-2 at 200 mV s^-1) with simple slurry-cast electrodes. These results demonstrate a new approach for developing pseudocapacitance in layered transition metal oxides for high power energy storage, as well as the importance of energy efficiency as a metric of performance of pseudocapacitive materials.