Study Finds Distinct Gut Microbiomes in Male and Female Carnivores
For Immediate Release
A recent study found a dramatic difference between the microbial diversity in guts of female and male American minks (Neovison vison). The finding suggests there is an unexpected sexual distinction in the gut microbiomes of carnivores, which has ramifications for future wildlife research.
“This finding is surprising because the guts of carnivores are very short and simple – literally,” says Erin McKenney, co-author of the study and an assistant professor of applied ecology at North Carolina State University. “Carnivore guts are much shorter and less convoluted than the guts of omnivores and herbivores, which have evolved more complex guts in order to break down plant matter. The fact that carnivore guts are so simple means there is less time for the immune system – which differs between males and females – to influence microbial diversity, yet we’re still seeing substantial differences between sexes in this species.”
“In practical terms, this finding is critical to informing future study design,” says Diana Lafferty, first author of the paper and an assistant professor of wildlife ecology at Northern Michigan University (NMU).
That’s because carnivore ecologists often obtain samples using noninvasive techniques, such as collecting scat – or wild animal feces – during fieldwork.
“That means we usually don’t know if the animal that produced the fecal sample was male or female,” Lafferty says. “This finding tells us that analyzing the microbiomes from anonymous samples may not give us an accurate assessment of the population they came from. We’ll need to run tests on fecal samples to establish the sex of donors in order to place the gut microbiome data in context.”
Wildlife researchers are interested in gut microbiomes – the ecosystem of microbial life in an animal’s stomach and intestines – because studying and assessing gut microbiome diversity offers researchers deep insights into animal health and well-being.
“For example, it provides a tool we can use to better understand how animals are responding to changes in their environment,” Lafferty says.
But because wildlife ecologists, and particularly carnivore ecologists, often rely on analyzing fecal samples from wildlife, there are questions about how to account for environmental variables – particularly time and temperature. In other words, does microbial diversity in wildlife poop change when it’s hot outside? Are the microbes scientists find in the poop different if they pick up the poop right away compared to if they pick it up five days later?
The researchers chose minks as a model carnivore species for studying these questions because minks can be kept in captivity, can be fed a standardized diet, and their guts are similar to that of other carnivores.
For this study, the researchers worked with 10 captive minks – five male and five female. All of the minks were approximately the same age, were in good health, were housed separately, and were given the same diet.
The researchers retrieved fecal samples from all 10 minks. While a subsample of each mink’s poop was taken immediately for microbial DNA extraction, the remainder of each sample was divided in half so that each mink’s feces could be subjected to two different temperature treatments. One set of samples was stored at below freezing temperatures while another set of samples was stored at 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Samples were then subjected to microbial DNA extraction every day for five days, ultimately allowing the researchers to determine both what kinds of microbes were in each sample and how many of each kind of microbe.
The findings included two surprises.
The first surprise was that neither time nor temperature resulted in significant changes in the fecal microbiomes. This is good news for wildlife biologists.
“Old poops are still accurate enough for assessing the gut microbiome of carnivores,” McKenney says.
The second surprise was that the male and female samples were significantly different from each other. Not only were many different bacterial species found in males than in females, but the abundance of the species they shared in common was also different. In other words, when a bacterial species was found in both sexes, the overall population of that species often differed tremendously between males and females.
“We could speculate on what these differences mean, but it would only be speculation,” McKenney says. “Suffice it to say that this finding raises some very interesting research questions that we’d like to explore.”
“So much of the existing microbiome work is on omnivores and herbivores – we’re excited about exploring the microbiome of carnivores,” Lafferty says. “We thought carnivore microbiomes might be simple, and we are discovering that they’re not.”
The paper, “Mink (Neovison vison) fecal microbiomes are influenced by sex, temperature and time post-defecation,” is published in the Journal of Mammalogy. The paper was co-authored by Sierra Gillman, a Ph.D. student at the University of Washington who worked on the project while a grad student at NMU; Lane Jeakle, a former undergraduate at NMU; and Brian Roell, a wildlife biologist in Michigan’s Department of Natural Resources and Environment.
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Note to Editors: The study abstract follows.
“Mink (Neovison vison) fecal microbiomes are influenced by sex, temperature and time post-defecation”
Authors: Diana J. R. Lafferty, Sierra Gillman and Lane Jeakle, Northern Michigan University; Brian Roell, Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment; Erin McKenney, North Carolina State University
Published: Jan. 7, Journal of Mammalogy
DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyab140
Abstract: Gut microbiomes encode myriad metabolic functions critical to mammalian ecology and evolution. While fresh fecal samples provide an efficient, non-invasive method of sampling gut microbiomes, collecting fresh feces from elusive species is logistically challenging. Non-fresh feces, however, may not accurately represent the gut microbiome of the host due to succession of gut microbial consortia post-defecation as well as colonization by microbes from the surrounding environment. Using American mink (Neovison vison) as a model species, we examined post-defecation microbial community succession to learn how ambient temperature and temporal sampling constraints influence the reliability of non-fresh feces to represent host gut microbiomes. To achieve our goal, we analyzed fresh mink feces (n=5 females; n=5 males) collected at the time of defecation from captive mink at a farm in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and we subsequently subsampled each fecal specimen to investigate microbial community succession over five days, under both warm (21°C) and cold (-17°C to -1°C) temperature treatments. We found that both temperature and time influenced fecal microbiome composition; and we also detected significant sexual dimorphism in microbial community structures, with female mink microbiomes exhibiting significantly greater variation than males’ when exposed to the warm temperature treatment. Our results demonstrate that feces from unknown individuals can be a powerful tool for examining carnivore gut microbiomes, though rigorous study design is required because sex, ambient temperature, and time since defecation drive significant microbial variation and the sample size requirements necessary for detecting statistically significant differences between target populations is an important consideration for future ecologically meaningful research.
