Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Could Improve Flu Vaccine Manufacturing

Recent research from North Carolina State University outlines how near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy could be used to make cell-culture-based flu vaccine manufacturing faster and more efficient.

The researchers demonstrated the use of a NIR probe to measure the concentration of influenza virus in cells being grown in a bioreactor.

“The NIR technique is faster, more accurate and more consistent than the standard method currently used to measure viral concentrations in cells,” says John Sheppard, a professor of bioprocessing science at NC State and corresponding author of a paper describing the work. “The NIR probe gives us close to real-time data on viral concentrations, whereas the standard method for measuring viral concentration involves a complicated process that can take an hour or more.

“Getting data that quickly can help in a number of ways. It can tell vaccine manufacturers when the optimal time is to harvest the cells. It can help manufacturers develop a feeding strategy to optimize cell and virus growth. It can help detect potential problems with a batch more quickly. It could even allow the process to be partially automated.”

Much of flu vaccine manufacturing is currently done using poultry eggs. However, this approach – first developed in the 1940s – has a number of drawbacks: the resulting vaccine can’t be used by patients with egg allergies; the lengthy manufacturing time and increased risk of mutations makes it more likely that the resulting vaccine won’t match the strains of flu virus facing the public; it is more susceptible to microbial contamination; and it can’t be manufactured quickly enough to respond to pandemic flu outbreaks.

“Cell-culture-based manufacturing has fewer mutations, fewer allergy problems, and is easier to scale up,” Sheppard says. “But that doesn’t mean that it’s easy. Industry is already transitioning to cell-culture-based vaccine manufacturing, but there are infrastructure and regulatory challenges. We think the use of NIR spectroscopy could help to make cell-culture-based manufacturing more efficient and predictable.”

Before they could test the NIR spectroscopy approach to measuring viral concentration, the researchers faced a fundamental challenge: the existing standard method for obtaining these measurements was so inaccurate that it couldn’t be used to validate the NIR technique.

“We had to develop an improved manual method – which is significantly more labor intensive – that offered more accurate measurements than the standard lab method,” Sheppard says. “Using the new method, we were able to assess the accuracy of the NIR spectroscopy, and the results were promising.”

At most viral concentrations, the NIR spectroscopy was far more accurate than the traditional standard method – as well as much faster. But at the highest concentrations, accuracy suffered – though it was still at least as accurate as the standard method.

“This is a proof of concept,” Sheppard says. “We’d like to incorporate additional data sets to further refine the model we use to translate NIR spectroscopy data into viral concentration numbers. Ideally, we’d like to work with vaccine manufacturers to fine-tune the process and put it to work.”

The paper, “Cell-Culture–Based Influenza Vaccine Manufacturing: Evaluation of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for In-Line Determination of Virus Titers,” is published in the September issue of the journal BioProcess International. First author of the paper is Lucas Vann, a former Ph.D. student at NC State.

The work was done with support from NC State’s Golden Leaf Biomanufacturing, Training and Education Center.

-shipman-